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% CommunicationYNetworking RPC and Relatives Distributed Objects Message- & Stream-Oriented Communication4.Layered ProtocolsCLow-level layers Transport layer Application layer Middleware layerBasic Networking Model9Layers, interfaces, and protocols in the OSI model ::Low-Level Layers<Physical layer: contains the specification and implementation of bits, and their transmission between sender and receiver Data link layer: prescribes the transmission of a series of bits into a frame to allow for error and flow control Network layer: describes how packets in a network of computers are to be routed `<kbB5/Transport LayerImportant: the transport layer provides the actual communication facilities for most distributed systems Standard Internet Protocols: TCP: connection-oriented, reliable, stream-oriented communication UDP: unreliable (best-effort) datagram communicationDw _wClient-Server TCP]TCP for transactions (T/TCP): A transport protocol aimed to support client-server interaction ^A60Application LayertObservation: Many application protocols are directly implemented on top of TP, doing a lot of app-independent work 4t h71Middleware LayerObservation: Middleware is invented to provide common protocols and services that can be used by many different applications A rich set of communication protocols to allow different apps. to communicate Marshaling and unmarshaling of data, necessary for integrated systems Naming protocols, so that different apps. can easily share resources Security protocols, to allow different apps. to communicate in a secure way Scaling mechanisms, such as support for replication and caching Note: what remains are truly application-specific protocolsT}ZeZ<Z 7 8Middleware Protocols7An adapted reference model for networked communication.8882Papers PresentedXG. Eisenhauer, F. E. Bustamante and K. Schwan, Native Data Representation: An Efficient Wire Format for High-Performance Computing, IEEE Transaction on Parallel and Distributed Systems, 13 (12), pp 1234-1246, 2002. (Tuesday 1/13 - presented by Stefan Birrer) A. D. Birrell and B. J. Nelson, Implementing Remote Procedure Calls, ACM Transaction on Computer Systems, 2(1), Feb. 1984, pp 271-290. (Tuesday 1/13 - presented by James Newell) M. D. Schroeder and M. Burrows Performance of the Firefly RPC, in Proc. of the 12th Symposium on Operating System Principles, 1989. (Thursday 1/15 - presented by Stefan Birrer) G. Banaver, T. Chandra, R. Strom, D. Sturman, A Case for Message Oriented Middleware, in Proc. 13th International Symposium on Distributed Computing (DISC) (invited lecture), Sep. 1999, pp 1-18. (Thursday 1/15 - presented by Ashish Gupta) nYP+*,+ Tx #l& U 0/U 0$GU 0U 093Implementing RPCA. D. Birrell and B. J. 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